The Jain dharma, the jain faith and way of life includes the life of the Jains as a community or group, their thinking, writings, behavior, art, drama, sculpture, poojas, spirituality, rituals, celebrations and much more.

Over the past 65 years, approximately 150,000 Jains, primarily from India, Kenya, and Uganda, have migrated to North America, bringing their own gods, diverse traditions and languages. While rooted in their Indian heritage, the Jain diaspora in North America has evolved, adapting practices to new cultural contexts without altering the core principles of Jainism.

The Indian Jain Diaspora is highly educated, professional and affluent.  Starting from the first generations of immigrant Jains, now we have 2^nd and 3^rd generation and, in some cases, even 4^th generation Jains born and raised here in North America. 

While the first generation, in addition to the use of English in their profession, spoke and used their own mother tongue for all social and religious activities, but for the subsequent generations born and raised here, primarily, English became their mother tongue, and they preferred the used of English in all religious activities and social celebration. 

All these changes in demographics and other factors coupled with  the very rapid advancements in communication and technology, necessitated and demanded changes for adoption to the new environments and their timely assimilation. 

While living in North America, as per   द्रव्य, क्षेत्र, काल और भाव (place, time, emotions/state, feeling and environment etc.), Jain diaspora here have continuously adapted the practice of their Jain religion, leading to changes in customs, traditions, rituals (poojas), and celebrations but no change in Principles and philosophies. This evolution reflects their efforts to assimilate and balance religious heritage with the cultural environment of their new home.

The evolving version of Jainism among the Jain diaspora in the United States and Canada reflects a blend of tradition and adaptation to the Western cultural and social environment. Here’s how this “new Jainism” is shaping up:

Challenges and opportunities 

• In India, Jainism is often practiced within the framework of sects like Shwetambar, Digambar, and Sthanakvasi etc. with somewhat  distinct rituals and philosophies. However, in North America, these boundaries are softening. The diaspora often emphasizes shared values over sectarian differences, fostering a more unified Jain identity.
• Jains in North America face the dual challenge of preserving their religious heritage while integrating into a predominantly non-Jain society. This has sparked creativity in how they practice and share their faith, such as hosting vegan cooking workshops, interfaith dialogues, or charity drives inspired by Jain principles.

1. Transformation to establish a non-sectarian Jain Dharma,

Interestingly, from the very beginning, Jain diaspora in North America envisioned the need to create a non- sectarian Jain Dharma that will represent all Jains irrespective of their own sectarian baggage and outlook of language, customs and parts of India they come from. To achieve and implement this vision and mission, following practical and far-reaching steps were taken 

• Nonsectarian naming of all Jain Centers and organizations. Mostly these were named after the town or City where these were situated and established such as Jain Center of Greater Boston, Jain Society of Metropolitan Chicago, Jain Society of Hoston etc.  and none were named as Digambar or Shwetambars etc. Unfortunately, and only recently, a few organizations have come up with sectarian names, but this number is still quite small.

• Nonsectarian layout of Jain Temples and Pratimas. This was achieved by accommodating all traditions under one roof or place and both Digambar and Shwetambar pratimas on one platform /vedi. 

• Joint celebration of Jain festivals such as Mahavir Jayanti, Paryushan and Das Lakshan Parvas. 

• Inviting scholars and sadhus/monks and nuns of all traditions and sects from India for spiritual guidance and discourses only and not to interfere in the running of the Jain places and organizations in North America. 

• Implementation of Non-Sectarian Sunday pathshala system, curriculums, teachers and books etc.

• Emphasis on Jain Way of Life rather than purely on Rituals.

• Establishment of Federation of Jain Associations in North America (JAINA)

To advance the vision and mission of one Jain with a broad outlook and  free from Sectarianism in 1981, a major milestone was achieved by establishing a Central/Apex Body representing all Jains without any non-sectarianism. JAINA is a unique, unifier and forward-looking organization, the only one of its types in the entire Jain world.

During the last 44 years of its existence , JAINA has grown exponentially with  nearly 70 organizations as its members, several dozen sub committees, quarterly Magazine “JAIN DIGEST” weakly electronic newsletter,  mailing  of a very beautiful Calendar every  year, , Youth exchange program ,  JAINA convention  every 2 years ( attended by many Thousand Jains from North America and  other countries, recognition and awards to recognize the vision and services of many and JAINA Ebrary ( a huge resource of Jain agmas).

JAINA also elects its president and Executive Board from all section of Jain diaspora without regard to sectarianism and gender. In fact, one of the Past Presidents of JAIN was a woman from Toronto, Canada and  similarly most of the Jain Centers have elected women as their president.  

• Establishment of YJA and YJP with their own charter and standalone conventions.

•  Institute Succession plans. To bring in and to give chance to fresh blood, outlook and vision, JAINA and all Jain Centers established succession plans with elections every 2 years. This way, no individual will serve in one position of importance for his/her life. 

• Jain Presence in academia. To share the richness and values of Jain Dharma to a wider non-Jain audience, during the last 15 years,  some visionary Jain leaders have established Endowed Chairs and professorships in the teaching and research in Non-sectarian Jainism at more than 50 universities around the world (most in USA and Canada) .                              

• OTHER Major and Significant changes and Accomplishments  

        6.1. Institutionalization and Community Centers

• Temples and Jain Centers: Many Jains have established temples and centers across North America. These serve as hubs for worship, community gatherings, and education.
• Multi-tradition Representation: Since Jains from various sects (Shwetambar, Digambar, Sthanakvasi, Terapanthi) come together, temples and centers often cater to all traditions, promoting a more unified Jain identity.

      6.2. Simplification of Rituals

• Focus on Philosophy: Many practitioners emphasize core Jain principles like ahimsa (non-violence), Aparigrah (non-possessiveness), and anekantavada (multiple perspectives) over elaborate rituals.
• Simplified Poojas: Traditional rituals have been streamlined to fit busy lifestyles, often taking place during weekends or major festivals rather than daily.

      6.3. Education and Youth Engagement

• Pathshalas (Jain Schools): Jain centers conduct weekly classes for children and youth to teach Jain philosophy, ethics, and scriptures, often in English.
• Youth Camps and Conventions: Organizations like YJA (Young Jains of America) and JAINA (Federation of Jain Associations in North America) organize retreats, conventions, and camps to engage the younger generation. These events often combine spirituality with discussions on modern challenges like climate change, mental health, and career development.

      6.4. Technology and Virtual Worship

• Digital Access: Online lectures, virtual poojas, and Jain apps provide easy access to religious teachings and practices.
• Global Connectivity: Jains in North America frequently connect with teachers and monks in India via video conferences and live-streamed sermons.

     6.5. Interfaith and Outreach Efforts

• Many Jains actively participate in interfaith dialogues, sharing their principles of non-violence and environmental sustainability with other religious and secular communities.
• The concept of ahimsa has resonated widely, aligning with global movements like veganism, animal rights, and environmental activism.

     6.6. Festivals and Celebrations

• Localized Celebrations: Jain festivals like Paryushan and Mahavir Jayanti are celebrated on weekends to accommodate work and school schedules.
• Cultural Adaptations: Some celebrations incorporate North American elements, such as potlucks or combining traditional poojas with community service activities.

     6.7. Dietary Practices and Veganism

• While vegetarianism is a core tenet, many Jains in North America are embracing veganism as an extension of ahimsa, avoiding not just meat but also dairy products due to ethical concerns about animal exploitation.

     6.8. Shift Toward Practical Jainism

• There is an increasing emphasis on applying Jain principles to contemporary issues, such as environmental sustainability, mental well-being, and ethical business practices.
• Some Jains advocate for “practical Jainism,” focusing less on strict ritual adherence and more on living a principled, ethical life in harmony with Jain values.

     6.9. Gender and Social Dynamics

• Women and youth often take active roles in leadership within Jain communities, which reflects a progressive shift compared to traditional practices in India.

     6.10. Universal Relevance of Jain Values

Jainism’s emphasis on ahimsa (non-violence) and environmental consciousness aligns seamlessly with global challenges like climate change, animal rights, and ethical consumption. This has allowed Jain teachings to transcend cultural boundaries, appealing even to non-Jains who resonate with its message of sustainability and compassion.

        6.11. From Rituals to Ethics

• This shift toward a more ethics-driven practice of Jainism signifies a deep understanding of its philosophy. Many Jains are moving beyond ritualistic observances to embrace the essence of Jain values in their daily lives, influencing how they make decisions as individuals, families, and communities.

        6.12. The Role of Generational Exchange

• Elders in the community often serve as the custodians of tradition, while the younger generation brings fresh perspectives and innovations. This intergenerational dialogue is shaping a version of Jainism that is both rooted in tradition and relevant to modern times. For example, youth initiatives often focus on applying Jain principles to social justice, technology, or entrepreneurship.

       6.13. Spiritual Leadership in a New Context

• The lack of Jain monks and nuns living permanently in North America has shifted the responsibility of spiritual leadership to laypeople and scholars. Community leaders, often well-versed in both Jainism and Western culture, have stepped in to fill this gap, making spiritual teachings more accessible and relatable.

       6. 14 Cross-Cultural Bridges

• The North American Jain community has become a bridge between East and West, showcasing how an ancient religion can thrive in a modern, multicultural context. Festivals, public lectures, and participation in global initiatives highlight Jainism as a living tradition with universal relevance.

    7. Challenges, Opportunities, new Jain Dharma and Legacy for the Future

• Generational Divide: While older generations strive to preserve traditional practices, younger generations often seek ways to integrate Jain values into their modern lives without rigid adherence to rituals. The pressures of assimilation can sometimes dilute religious practices, especially among second- and third-generation Jains. However, many young Jains are finding innovative ways to express their faith—through art, music, social media, or advocacy assuring that their identity remains vibrant and meaningful.

• Cultural Hybridization: This evolving Jainism is a blend of Indian heritage and North American culture, creating a dynamic identity that respects tradition while embracing modernity.
• The new Jainism in North America is not just a story of adaptation but adapting it to remain relevant, inclusive, and impactful in a globalized and fast-paced world. This is also a testament to the resilience and universality of its core principles. The evolving version of Jainism in North America is not just about sustaining a diaspora community—it is also about building a legacy. By investing in institutions, education, and intergenerational dialogue, the Jain community is ensuring that the faith will continue to grow and adapt for generations to come.

• North America’s Jain community is uniquely positioned to be a global leader in promoting Jain principles. By leveraging their resources, education, and networks, they can amplify Jain values on the world stage, particularly in areas like climate action, ethical leadership, and interfaith harmony.
• Jain values provide a timeless framework to address global challenges by offering ethical, sustainable, and compassionate solutions. They are not just spiritual ideals but practical tools for creating a more harmonious and sustainable world.
• Jain values, deeply rooted in principles of non-violence, self-discipline, and sustainability, have begun to resonate globally, especially in addressing some of the most pressing issues of our time.

Dr. Sulekh C. Jain lives in Henderson, NV and is the cofounder of International School for Jain Studies. Previously, he served as President of the Federation of Jain Associations in North America (JAINA). He can be reached at scjainphd@gmail.com

Dr. Jain also authored the book An Ahimsa Crisis: You Decide, which can be accessed free at www.isjs.in

The views, thoughts, and opinions expressed in the above article solely belong to author Sulekh Jain, Ph.D., and are not an endorsement by vegasdesi.com. The editor is pleased to provide vegasdesi.com as a platform for the community members to engage in intellectual debates, opinions, constructive criticisms, and discussions.